someone is in the highest sense benefiting him. In many passages both the general and the particular meaning would make good sense. Then it will be impossible to determine with certainty whether substitution was in the mind of the writer. However, since the evidence indicates that the development was strong in the direction of the particular meaning of “substitution,” we dare not be too hesitant about reading the word in that sense. There is one passage in the New Testament, Philemon 13, where the
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